Introduction
“You have to live spherically, in many directions. Never lose your childish enthusiasm and things will come your way”
-Federico Fellini
Nutrition science is a relatively ‘young’ science in comparison to other fields, indeed it has been said that compared to its venerable ‘hard-science’ progenitors like Chemistry, it is still firmly in its ‘alchemy days’ (Berardi 2018). Historically, it is a child, a small twig on a great tree of knowledge, but unlike sister disciplines it has a unique commonality –matters pertaining to food, and why/what we eat are of immediate and personal relevance to everyone. Our reading frames differ widely though. For the privileged (and often first-world) some, it is an almost Kantian semi- religious pursuit of “perfect health” (Roth 2018), for others it is a dietary ideology of tribalism and belonging identified by a series of diet 'isms' like Veganism, Vegetarianism) (Traverso-Yepez & Hunter 2016; Beverland, Wahl & de Groot 2018), for many – a far more fundamental question of not starving (Guthman 2011). Food –the simple stuff we are required to ingest for continued existence is not merely a package of macro and micronutrients but embedded in a rich socio-cultural tapestry encompassing art, emotion, flavour, geography, history/tradition, institution, politics and economics (Fardet & Rock 2015).
Despite widening academic scholarship within these strands of nutritional understanding, Nutrition communication –the discourse we use to inform and advise the ‘public’ remains firmly didactic, institutionally directed, and locked into the ideologies of Western science’s reductionist empiricism (Scrinis 2013; Montgomery 1996). Knowledge and expertise is firmly institutionalized and definitive boundaries drawn between the ‘knows’ and the ‘know-nots’ –even within the discipline itself (Gieryn 1993, Marcason 2015). Flavour/enjoyment and ‘health’ have been artificially separated into separate disciplines: One, the ‘science’ of Nutrition, and the other the ‘art’ of Gastronomy (Coveney & Santich 1997). In our pursuit of specialization and demarcation of expertise (Gieryn 1993), we have forgotten, or chosen to ignore that both branches emerge from the same trunk –food. Ignoring broader disciplinary contexts has resulted in an anxious public (Pidgeon 2014), a distrust of nutrition science (Nichols 2017), and an exodus to more appealing and coherent narratives (Rowe & Alexander 2012; Burke 2017). In this paper, I suggest that thinking ‘spherically’ and incorporating the trunk, roots, mycelium and even broader ecosystem of Nutrition Science is essential for the future of Nutrition science communication and implementation in public health.
1. The current communications model isn’t working
This may seem a bold, even outrageous statement, but a quick look at both global and national statistics tells us in no uncertain terms that the incidence of Obesity, Diabetes and other diet related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is rising steadily (WHO 2017; Walls et al. 2018; Adams 2015; Pollan 2007). We laud and recommend stringent ‘evidence-based’ guidelines and strategies for public implementation (NHMRC 2013; Mozaffarian & Ludwig 2010) and yet our logos comminques have less effect on public food consumption patterns than the ethos rhetoric of popular diet books or hedonic or environmental food marketing narratives (Cunningham & Williams 1993; West 2017). Nutrition science, filtered through Government health organisations like the NHMRC and subsequently through her sanctioned , stamped and trained ‘high priests’ of the Dietitian’s Association provide ‘clear’, ‘practical’ and ‘credible’ information to the public (DAA 2019). It is subsequently ignored. Our nutrition dissemination structures make a very clear distinction between the ‘learned’ and the ‘rest’ (Bensaude-Vincent 2001), and unlike the German and Scandanavian conceptual ideology that includes the humanities –‘Wissenschaft’ (Meyer 2016), Gastronomy, flavour, hedonic enjoyment and the tapestry of human emotional reactions to food is set aside for a more superior narrative (Navarro et al. 2012; Gruia et al. 2018). The result? People have stopped both trusting nutrition science and listening to the messages of its ‘experts’ (Garza et al. 2019; Penders 2018). Both understanding and engagement are cut-off (Palmer & Schibeci 2012), and a more relatable narrative sought (Scotto di Carlo 2016; Dahlstrom 2014), usually one in which personal agency and innate understanding is emphasized (Burke 2017; Milburn 2004). In nutrition science, if not international economics –Brexit’s Michael Gove may be uncomfortable close to the truth of public reaction: “People have had enough of experts, those who purport to have all the answers, but get it consistently wrong” (Dow 2017).
2. Food is not a quark: individual agency and narratives of understanding
People, not just nutrition scientists, know and care about food. Unlike quarks, photons and the more abstract concepts in the physical sciences, food is embedded in everyday life. In fact food and sex are the only two human activities that engage all five senses, and unsurprisingly reactions to both are indelibly linked neurologically and biochemically (Kain 2018). Both forms of ‘consumption’ and ‘appetite’ are both uniquely personal/individual and embedded in complex socio-cultural contexts (Shepherd & Liu 2011; Booth & Legg 1994). The ‘spherical’ tapestry of personal narratives of understanding in food consumption has been widely studied (Nordström et al. 2013; Van der Laan et al. 2012; Manni, Sporre & Ottander 2015), but is largely absent from public communication of nutrition science, especially in policy documents like The Australian Dietary Guidelines. Perhaps, like the proponents of science in 1923 China, these multitudinous threads of the sphere unnecessarily ‘complicate’ and ‘mystify’ what is essentially ‘mechanical’? (Xiao 2006). Or perhaps this branch of academic literature is simply filtered out by policy-makers due to its complex and sometimes contradictory nature? (Villikins & Grant 2017).
The pertinent issue inherent in this filtering is that the complex humanity and individual agency of the food relationship is truncated. Food and nutrition is no longer something you understand on a personal level, but a commodity owned and explained by others. Expert others. Official public nutrition advice has definitive limits, what goes ‘on around and just beyond the limits’ (Secord 2004) –the ‘sphere’ of understanding if you will –is the complex and varied tapestry of people’s personal food narratives. The Australian Dietary Guidelines for example state that their advice is pertinent to “the average, healthy Australian” (NHMRC 2013), a mean. In order for a member of the public to access a personalized narrative, they must consult an institutionally approved representative – a Dietitian. The hallmarks of institutionalized science bear striking similarities to the structures of religion, and fulfill similar functions of maintaining power, legitimizing practitioners and ensuring continued reliance (Rolston 2006). A greater awareness of the historiography of political and ideological power structures in nutrition scientists might, for instance, reveal that a frequent reaction to perceived powerlessness is overthrow and revolution (Le Bon 2013). In the real world, that looks a lot like "Screw you, I'm getting the bucket of mega-wings with extra-large chips".
3. The language of power and the language of passion
The Language-as-context hypothesis suggests that language itself affects perception and emotional response (Barret, Lindquist & Gendron 2007; MacDonald 2013), and recent studies have gone further to show that language forms pertaining to food consumption affect even the biochemistry of satiety, with indulgent or hedonic descriptors affecting pre- and post-prandial leptin and ghrelin levels (Turnvald et al. 2017; Crum et al. 2011). It is interesting then to note that even the earliest attempts to extract an ideal and unique language for science quite deliberately avoided any trace of passion or hedonism (Montgomery 1997, p.87). Scientific language informs and determines the relative status of ‘the knowledgeable’ and the ‘other’ through the creation of ‘high lexicon’ forms and narrative traditions (Bérubé et al. 2018). It is interesting to note that both Gastronomy and contenders for ‘truth’ in Nutrition science –the best-selling diet books, the ‘miracle cures’, and the ‘what science is hiding’ proponents (a $168 billion industry (Reuters 2018)) use precisely the language that science avoids: personal anecdote, passionate evangelism and advocacy, belonging, and above all, a personal voice that feeds directly into collectively common human confirmation biases (Townson 2016). Gastronomy and neurogastronomy focus on pleasure, visual delight, food stories, and the stimulation of neurological reward centres (Charney 2014). If behavioural science is right, and humans are indeed wired for pleasure and reward (Berridge & Kringelbach 2008), it is not a great leap to imagine which set of narratives will be more likely to attract and retain an audience.
This ubiquitous, but nonetheless artificial separation of ‘Nutrition’ and ‘Gastronomy’ may have effectively shaped human perception that ‘healthy’ and ‘hedonic’ are mutually exclusive terms (Taquet et al. 2016). The first belongs to the realm of nutrition science, the second to the arts, gastronomes and web-based nutritional charletans. The possibility of communicating evidence-based health messages through an appeal to pleasure and emotional reward thus remains largely unexplored by nutrition science communicators, despite these narratives enjoying widespread and popular appeal.
The dominance of English as science’s lingua franca also has major implications for nutrition communication including potentially duplicated research, dominance of Western diet models and food understanding frameworks, and lost or obscured non-western knowledge in the field (Panko 2017). If we accept the premise that “character may almost be called the most effective form of persuasion” (Condit 2018), how many rich forms of character, knowledge and viewpoint are simply invisible to nutrition science due to language barriers? Further, if science itself is a form of communication (Secord 2004), how many threads are simply being omitted from the tapestry, and as result –how skewed are the perspectives becoming? Dominant anglocentricity both creates and quashes the ‘periphery’ which can be a creative crucible driven by reduced conformity to institutional mores (Raina 2009). With food and nutrition increasingly linked to ecological narratives in public awareness (Paddock 2017.; WWF 2008), especially those of rapidly plummeting biodiversity in food crops, it is sobering to note that 35.6% of the biodiversity studies published in 2014 were not in English, but published by researchers that are in the countries exhibiting greatest impact on exotic and endangered species (Amano, González-Varo & Sutherland 2016).
4. Networks and recalibration
Margǒcsy (2017) asserts that ‘Network breakdowns play an important and unacknowledged role in the shaping and emerging of scientific knowledge’ (p1). Scientific networks rise and fall in parallel flux with the society that socio-cultural constructs and ideologies that frame them.
Knowledge flow in established networks can tend towards an inertia, and it is suggested that specific, disruptive pressure is needed to combat inertia and restore knowledge ‘flow’, or indeed –change its direction (Christensen et al. 2018), especially at points of ‘paradigm shift’. The relative success of network disruption depends largely on whether the incumbent network sees innovation/disruption as threat or opportunity (Gilbert 2005) and is more challenging for institutions with rigid status hierarchies. Again, an appreciation of how science has responded to innovation/disruption historically may enable us to devise more acutely focused strategies for innovation. How did the scientific institution respond the innovation and network challenge of Galileo’s assertions for example? Was his work a ‘threat’ or an ‘opportunity’? Perhaps both viewed retrospectively (Briggs 1981). An equally pertinent question that must be addressed is: Are we in fact in need of a paradigm shift in Nutrition science and its communication strategies? Due to increased specialisation and interdisciplinary diversification, it becomes even more arduous a task to identify specific locations for effective innovation/disruption. In 2017 Dr Jenna Gallegos stated that ‘Nutrition science isn’t broken, it’s just wicked hard’ (Gallegos 2017). Its inherent multi-disciplinary, multi-tiered nature is both its greatest strength and its greatest challenge. However, if we look to the originally stated statistics, we can deduce that something isn’t working. There is a blockage. The healthy eating message based on the work of hundreds of thousands of researchers is not translating into public behaviour change.
5. The tree of knowledge
The use of metaphor for effective argument in science communication is becoming more common (Frezza 2016), although its effectiveness will depend on the reader’s inclination for, or resistance to its use as a legitimate scientific tool. From the Greek metaphora –meta (“over) and phorein (“to carry”), it carries over a word or image from normal use to new, or novel use (Taylor & Dewsbury 2018). With the strong emergence of ecological narrative in food consumption choice (Burke 2017), and the familiarity of the tree as symbol within the biological sciences (Hellström 2012), I will attempt to clarify some of this complex tapestry into a framework that provides if not clarity, at least a fresh perspective on the importance of comprehensive appreciation and knowledge of the whole picture for the nutrition professional. The importance of thinking ‘spherically’ if you will.
I want you, for a moment to think of everything relating to food as a tree. Not just nutrition science, food. The separation as we have noted is an artificial one. It is a very large, very twisted tree. Like its forest fellows, its complex and interwoven branch canopy reflects an equally complex root system hidden from your view. This root system in turn interacts with another vast network of mycelium through which it draws both essential nutrients and communicates within its own forest network (Gorzelak et al. 2015). It may be tempting to simplify here and see the roots as metaphor for ‘past’ and branches as ‘present’, but as in science itself, past and present are not static but dynamic and present in the rings of growth just beneath the bark’s surface.
The tree itself is not static –it didn’t always look like this. It too has grown from seed to sapling to what we now view. Its form, strengths and weaknesses dependent on periods of hardship, periods of plenty, adaptive mechanisms and a dynamic competition/co-operation/reproduction. The branches are legion. Some springing up in tandem from a fertile node, others springing from those. Some branches are weak, some far too heavy. Some touch, tangle and twine, and some have absolutely no contact with others except for roots, trunk and xylem. If you were to label these branches, you would eventually come to linkages from almost every branch of science, arts, industry, technology, culture, history, geography and institution. Over here, someone’s memory of childhood flavour; over there a heavy branch of industrial food production, industry and politics; nowhere near either, a researcher studying obesity and diseases of excess, which branch springs directly from another researcher studying diseases of deficiency. Very soon, your head will spin and you will (hopefully) realise that the point isn’t reductionist empirical labelling, but the recognition of the whole as a living system.
Now, an arborist/researcher examining the current tree tree would look for specific indicators of adjustment; a non-fruiting branch or an area of obvious disease/weakness. Rarely would answers to such ‘disruptions’ to the health of the network be destruction of the plant entire unless the damage was widely spread within the essential infrastructure. The arborist too is handicapped to the effects of intervention without a far more intimate knowledge of the tree before him than what is immediately apparent to present view. A pruning or treatment may do more harm than good, for that small branch may have been the one to produce the most spectacular bloom. This bloom may have been the one to attract more bees. I’m sure you realise by now that the metaphor extends far beyond our inquiry.
In this paper we have looked only at a few selected rings, a small window of influence and those alone have raised a multitude of questions, challenges and shifting perspectives within Nutrition science and its communication. It is essential to strive to know the broad and interconnected nature of a thing to effectively understand, and interact meaningfully and well with the snapshot you see in the present.
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